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Teacher guide: Year 10 Physics

Newton's laws of motion. Why moving things don't need a push to keep moving, what acceleration means exactly, and how force, mass and acceleration are linked by F = ma. Concept tutorials with a live force and motion board.

Open the student course

Each lesson works two ways. Students can work through the online tutorial at their own pace (it checks their answers and saves their progress in their browser), or you can teach it to the whole class from the slides, then send students into the tutorial for the Modify and Make steps.

Every lesson guide has plain-language notes, the answers to every check, a solution for every task, and slides and a worksheet for Waypoints Prepare. These guide pages are not linked from student pages, but they are not secret either: keep printed Teacher editions for answers you do not want students to find.

Newton's laws

Inertia, acceleration as a defined quantity, and F = ma (AC9S10U05).

Newton's laws in 5 minutes (read before teaching this unit)

The idea in plain words

  • First law (inertia): an object keeps doing what it is doing (staying still, or moving at a constant velocity) unless a net force acts on it. A moving object does not need a force to keep moving; it needs a force to change its motion. Things slow down on Earth because of friction and air resistance, forces that are easy to forget.
  • Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity: a = (change in velocity) ÷ (time taken), in m/s². It has a direction: speeding up, slowing down (acceleration opposite to the motion) and turning are all acceleration. On a speed–time graph, acceleration is the gradient.
  • Second law: F = ma, where F is the net force (N), m the mass (kg) and a the acceleration (m/s²), in the direction of the net force. Double the net force, double the acceleration; double the mass, half the acceleration.

Where the picture breaks

  • The board runs motion in one line (left and right). Turning is acceleration too, but the board can't show it.
  • Friction on the board is a fixed size while sliding; real air resistance grows with speed.

Common misconceptions

  • Motion needs a continuous force (the Aristotelian view: "the force of the throw stays in the ball").
  • Acceleration means "going fast"; a fast object at a steady speed has zero acceleration.
  • In F = ma, F is any force on the object (it is the net force).
  • Mass and weight are interchangeable in F = ma.

Net force (the first lesson)

A force is a vector. Along one line, add forces that point the same way and subtract opposite ones: what is left is the net force, which is what changes motion. Misconception: adding every force as a number, ignoring direction. The force board draws arrows short when forces are large; read the values in the labels.

Third law and free body diagrams (nodes 5 and 6)

Forces come in pairs: A on B and B on A, same size, opposite directions, on different objects, so they never cancel. Weight and support on a book are balanced forces, not a pair. A free body diagram shows one object and every force on it; work each direction separately.

On screen: the short tutorials Solving force and motion problems (node 7) and Newton's laws in the real world (node 8) support the practice and application nodes; the in-your-book tasks are the main work.

Investigate in class

Optional ideas if you run a practical for this unit: pick one, adapt it to your equipment, or use your own.

  • Does a bigger net force give a bigger acceleration? Change: the hanging mass pulling a trolley over a pulley, moving masses from trolley to hanger so the total mass stays the same. Measure: acceleration (light gates, motion sensor or ticker timer). Keep the same: total mass, the track, tilted slightly to cancel friction.
  • Does a heavier trolley accelerate less for the same pull? Change: the mass on the trolley. Measure: acceleration. Keep the same: the hanging mass, the track. (Plot a against 1/m for a straight line.)
  • Does a crumple zone reduce the force in a crash? Change: what is on the trolley's front (nothing, a paper cone, foam). Measure: the peak reading on a force sensor at the bottom of a ramp. Keep the same: ramp height, trolley mass.

Safety and ethics: put a catch box at the end of the bench for trolleys, and keep feet clear of hanging masses.