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# What does every cell have?

Year 8 Biology · Cells

<!-- Speaker note: Students identify the nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm in plant and animal cells and describe each one's function (AC9S8U01, node 3, a hinge node). About 20 minutes (Engage and Explore 6 min · Explain 8 min · Evaluate 3 min · Typical adds 4 min, Wider about 2 min). -->

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## Today

**We are learning to** plant and animal cells share three parts: the nucleus (the control centre, holding DNA), the cell membrane (controls what gets in and out) and the cytoplasm (where reactions happen).

- I can state the function of the nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm.
- I can link a feature of each to its function.
- I can explain that plant and animal cells both have these three parts.

<!-- Speaker note: Before class: A concept tutorial for introducing or revising the idea; it does not replace microscope work. Set the width with `?width=minimum`, `typical` (default) or `wider`. The hinge risk is functions learned as labels. Keep asking "what would go wrong without it?". Board notes: the membrane and wall are thin rings; students click on the line. The plant cell's membrane sits just inside the wall. -->

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## Why it matters

> A cheek cell and a leaf cell look completely different. Look closer and they share three parts. Every job in a cell depends on them.

<!-- Speaker note: Every cell, from your skin to a gum leaf, is built on the same three parts. -->

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<span style="background:#dbeafe; color:#1a1a1a; border:1.5px solid #3b82f6; padding:6px 18px; border-radius:8px; font-size:1em; font-weight:500;">💬 Discussion</span>

## Engage: predict

**Which part of a cell holds the instructions (DNA) that control what the cell does?**

- The cytoplasm
- The cell wall
- The cell membrane
- The nucleus

<!-- Speaker note: What happens: The nucleus. It holds the DNA: the instructions for making the cell's proteins. Take two or three predictions before anyone runs it. -->

<!-- Speaker note: Teacher: tally the answers; 'membrane' is a common wrong one. -->

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<span style="background:#fef3c7; color:#1a1a1a; border:1.5px solid #f59e0b; padding:6px 18px; border-radius:8px; font-size:1em; font-weight:500;">✍️ Activity</span>

## Explore it

{{embed: https://studio.learningwaypoints.com/tutorials/_playground-board/index.html?id=deck%2Fscience%2Fbiology-8%2Fcell-parts%2Fstep-2&code=widget%3A+cell%0Ashow%3A+animal%2C+plant%0Afind%3A+nucleus%2C+membrane%2C+cytoplasm%0A&fresh=1}}

[Open this step in the tutorial](https://studio.learningwaypoints.com/tutorials/science/biology-8/cell-parts/?full=step-2#step-2)

<!-- Speaker note: Click each part to read what it does and where it's found. -->

<!-- Speaker note: Teacher: ask what the two cells have in common before reading anything. -->

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<span style="background:#dcfce7; color:#1a1a1a; border:1.5px solid #22c55e; padding:6px 18px; border-radius:8px; font-size:1em; font-weight:500;">✅ Check</span>

## What happened?

* The nucleus. It holds the DNA: the instructions for making the cell's proteins.

<!-- Speaker note: Reveal after running. Ask who predicted it, and what made them think so. -->

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<span style="background:#dcfce7; color:#1a1a1a; border:1.5px solid #22c55e; padding:6px 18px; border-radius:8px; font-size:1em; font-weight:500;">✅ Check</span>

## Jobs

**Match each part to its job.**

| | |
|---|---|
| `Nucleus` | A. Where most of the cell's chemical reactions happen |
| `Cell membrane` | B. Controls what enters and leaves the cell |
| `Cytoplasm` | C. Holds the DNA: the instructions that control the cell |

* Answer: Nucleus → C. Holds the DNA: the instructions that control the cell; Cell membrane → B. Controls what enters and leaves the cell; Cytoplasm → A. Where most of the cell's chemical reactions happen

<!-- Speaker note:  -->

<!-- Speaker note: Teacher: the match is the minimum; the membrane question gives 'selectively permeable' meaning. -->

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<span style="background:#dcfce7; color:#1a1a1a; border:1.5px solid #22c55e; padding:6px 18px; border-radius:8px; font-size:1em; font-weight:500;">✅ Check</span>

## The membrane

**The cell membrane lets oxygen and food in but keeps most proteins in. What is it like?**

- An open door: everything passes
- A selective gate: some things pass, others don't
- A solid wall: nothing passes

* Answer: A selective gate: some things pass, others don't

<!-- Speaker note: Scientists call the membrane selectively permeable. -->

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<span style="background:#dcfce7; color:#1a1a1a; border:1.5px solid #22c55e; padding:6px 18px; border-radius:8px; font-size:1em; font-weight:500;">✅ Check</span>

## The cytoplasm

**Why must the cytoplasm be liquid (jelly-like)?**

- It keeps the cell cold
- Substances can move and react in it
- It stores the DNA

* Answer: Substances can move and react in it

<!-- Speaker note:  -->

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<span style="background:#fef3c7; color:#1a1a1a; border:1.5px solid #f59e0b; padding:6px 18px; border-radius:8px; font-size:1em; font-weight:500;">✍️ Activity</span>

## Elaborate: what only plants have

{{embed: https://studio.learningwaypoints.com/tutorials/_playground-board/index.html?id=deck%2Fscience%2Fbiology-8%2Fcell-parts%2Fstep-4&code=widget%3A+cell%0Ashow%3A+animal%2C+plant%0Afind%3A+wall%2C+chloroplasts%2C+vacuole%2C+mitochondria%0A&fresh=1}}

[Open this step in the tutorial](https://studio.learningwaypoints.com/tutorials/science/biology-8/cell-parts/?full=step-4#step-4)

<!-- Speaker note: What this step is for: Finding the extra plant structures against the shared ones previews node 4 and checks the shared set is secure. -->

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<span style="background:#dcfce7; color:#1a1a1a; border:1.5px solid #22c55e; padding:6px 18px; border-radius:8px; font-size:1em; font-weight:500;">✅ Check</span>

## Sort them

**Where is each part found?**

Groups: Both plant and animal cells · Plant cells only

Nucleus · Cell membrane · Mitochondria · Cell wall · Chloroplasts · Large vacuole

* Answer: Nucleus → Both plant and animal cells; Cell membrane → Both plant and animal cells; Mitochondria → Both plant and animal cells; Cell wall → Plant cells only; Chloroplasts → Plant cells only; Large vacuole → Plant cells only

<!-- Speaker note:  -->

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<span style="background:#dcfce7; color:#1a1a1a; border:1.5px solid #22c55e; padding:6px 18px; border-radius:8px; font-size:1em; font-weight:500;">✅ Check</span>

## Elaborate: no nucleus

**Scientists removed the nucleus from a single-celled organism (an amoeba). It kept moving for a few days, then died and could not divide. What does this show?**

- The membrane is the control centre
- The nucleus holds the instructions the cell needs to keep making what it needs and to reproduce
- The nucleus is needed to move

* Answer: The nucleus holds the instructions the cell needs to keep making what it needs and to reproduce

<!-- Speaker note: What this step is for: Removing the nucleus tests the 'control centre' idea by its consequence. -->

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## Evaluate: look back

Write one sentence: "At first I thought… Now I think… because…"

**Revision summary**

- Plant and animal cells share the **nucleus** (holds DNA, controls the cell), **cell membrane** (controls what gets in and out) and **cytoplasm** (where reactions happen).
- Both also have **mitochondria** (release energy).
- Plant cells also have a **cell wall**, **chloroplasts** (where photosynthesis captures light energy to make food) and a large **vacuole**.

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<span style="background:#dcfce7; color:#1a1a1a; border:1.5px solid #22c55e; padding:6px 18px; border-radius:8px; font-size:1em; font-weight:500;">✅ Check</span>

## Exit ticket

**What does the cell membrane do?**

* It controls what enters and leaves the cell.

<!-- Speaker note: Students answer on paper or a mini whiteboard before the reveal. Anyone who cannot answer needs the main idea again next lesson. Where this leads: Next: what plant cells have extra and why (node 4), then specialised cells in Year 8's second unit. In class: an egg as a giant cell model (membrane under the shell, yolk as a food store, not a nucleus); a jelly-and-fruit cell model. -->